Although the instruction set within the processor is binary, programmers work with English-like commands, which are divided into seven groups. Summary Microprocessor Programming Microprocessors work with an instruction set that allows it to function. The control bus coordinates operations and communicates with external devices. The data bus transfers data and instruction codes to and from memory and I/O ports. Some processors have 64 address lines and can access 1.8 x 1019 locations. The address bus is used by the microprocessor to specify a location in memory or external device. Summary Microprocessor Buses Three buses for microprocessors allow data, addresses and instructions to be moved. Synchronizes the processing of instructions Microprocessor Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Instruction decoder Register array Control unit.A group of temporary storage locations within the processor, each with special features.Translates the programming instruction into an address where microcode resides for executing the instruction.Performs arithmetic and logic operations.Summary Microprocessors Four blocks are common to all microprocessors. Application software includes the various programs used to accomplish a task. The BIOS is a portion of the operating system called “firmware” because it is a permanent part of the system software in ROM (read-only memory). Systemsoftware is the operating system of the computer and acts as the system manager. Summary Software Software is all of the instructions that determine what operations are performed. Peripherals are devices for inputting or outputting information. The buses are groups of conductorswith a common purpose. The ports are the I/O connections to the peripherals. Memory stores instructions and data until needed by the CPU. Summary Computer Block Diagram The central processing unit (CPU) controls the operations by issuing a fetch to memory for an instruction, then executes it. Digital Fundamentals Tenth Edition Floyd Chapter 13 © 2008 Pearson Education
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